一、历史的足迹 The Footprints of History
西藏自古以来就是中国不可分割的一部分，藏族是中华民族命运共同体的一员，西藏的命运始终与祖国大家庭紧密相连。自13世纪元朝将西藏纳入中央政府行政管辖起，历代中央政权都对西藏实施有效的行政管辖。
Since ancient times, Tibet has been an integral part of China, Tibetans have been members of the Community of Shared Future for the Chinese nation, and the fate of Tibethas always been closely linked to the big family of the motherland. As is widely known, Tibet has been included in the administrative jurisdiction of the CentralGovernment since the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th century. The Chinese Central Governments of each historical period have implemented effective administrative jurisdictionover Tibet.
【实物】步辇图（複製）。绢，129×38.5厘米。641年吐蕃赞普松赞干布与唐文成公主联姻。
In 641 A.D, Tubo King Songtsen Gampo married Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty.
西藏位於青藏高原，面积120万平方千米，总人口343.82万人（2018年），古称吐蕃。
Tibet is located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an area of 1.2 million square kilometers, and has a total population of 3.4382 million people (2018). It was calledTubo in the ancient times.
【实物】铭文拓片。
Inscription Rubbing
唐高宗将松赞干布石像列於唐太宗昭陵前，铭文「蕃赞府」（蕃赞普），以示恩宠。
Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty erected the stone statue of Songtsen Gampo in front of the Tomb of Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and theinscription was "Fan Zanfu" (Tubo King) to show grace.
【图片】萨迦班智达·贡噶坚赞致信西藏各地方僧俗，劝说归顺元太宗窝阔台。
Sakya Pandita wrote a letter to all the monks and seculars in Tibet and persuaded them to surrender to Ogedei Khan of the Yuan Dynasty.
【图片】元代疆域图。
Territory of Yuan Dynasty.
1271年，忽必烈改国号为元，西藏纳入元朝中央政府直接行政管辖。
In 1271 A.D, Kublai Khan changed the name of the country to Yuan. Tibet was included under the direct administrative jurisdiction of the Central Government of the YuanDynasty.
【图片】铁质金字令牌。
Iron Token with Golden Scripts
元朝皇帝颁赐西藏萨迦派首领等使用驿站的八思巴字令牌：「长生天气力裡，皇帝圣旨，谁若不从，即要问罪。」
The Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty granted the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddihism to use the token of the courier station written in the Phags-pa script:"Under the name of Tengri, the emperor's imperial order, whoever does not obey, must ask for accountability."
【实物】大宝法王印（複製）。玉， 12.9×12.8×9.8厘米。
The Great Treasure Dharma King (copy)
1406年，明成祖封藏传佛教噶举派第五世噶玛巴活佛得银协巴为大宝法王，赐印。
In 1406, Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty bestowed the seal to the 5th Karmapa Lama of Tibetan Buddhism, Dezhin Shekpa, " Great Treasure Dharma King".
【实物】大慈法王缂丝唐卡像（複製），162×98厘米。
Thangka of the Great Compassion Dharma King, 162*98cm
1414年，西藏藏传佛教格鲁派首领宗喀巴派弟子释迦益西进京拜见明成祖。1434年，释迦益西尊师命再次入朝，明宣宗封其为大慈法王。
In 1414, Shakya Yeshi, dicple of Tsongkhapa, head of Gelu sect of Tibetan Buddhism, paid official vist to Emperor Chengzu. In 1434, he went to the court again, and wasgranted 「the Great Compassion Dharma King」.
【图片】清代疆域图。
【图片】五世达赖喇嘛进京拜见清朝顺治皇帝图（罗布林卡壁画）。
The Fifth Dalai Lama went to Beijing to see the Qing Emperor Shunzhi (Norbulingka mural).
1652年，五世达赖喇嘛进京朝觐，次年被顺治皇帝册封为「西天大善自在佛所领天下释教普通瓦赤喇怛喇达赖喇嘛」，赐金册、金印。
In 1652, the 5th Dalai Lama paid official visit to Beijing. He was granted the title of "Western Heavenly Good Self-Contained Buddha to teach the world to teach theordinary Vajra Lama", and was bestowed a golden book and seal by Emperor Shunzhi the next year.
【图片】清朝康熙皇帝颁赐五世班禅「敕封班禅额尔德尼之印」金印，汉、满、藏文。
Seal that Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty bestowed to the 5th Panchen Erdeni, which was in Chinese, Manchu and Tibetan.
1713年，康熙皇帝派钦差大臣到扎什伦布寺，册封五世班禅罗桑益西为「班禅额尔德尼」， 赐金册、金印。从此，班禅封号和地位正式确定下来，历世班禅都必须经中央政府册封成为定制。
Emperor Kangxi sent imperial envoy to Tashilhungpo monastery to confer the title of 「Panchen Eerdeni」 to the 5th Panchen Lama Lobsang Yeshi, and vested him golden bookand seal. Since then, the tile and status of Panchen Lama have been fixed, and there has been a rule for each Panchen Lama to get conferment from central governments.
【实物】《钦定藏内善后章程二十九条》（複製）。纸，364×63厘米。
The 29 Articles of Governing inside Tibet Approved By the Court and the Emperor (Copy); paper; 364*63cm
1793年，清朝颁布《钦定藏内善后章程二十九条》，加强对西藏的治理。章程的第一条规定，对藏传佛教活佛转世实行金瓶掣签制度。
In 1793 AD., the Qing Dynasty promulgated the "29 Articles of Governing inside Tibet Approved By the Court and the Emperor" to strengthen the governance of Tibet. Thefirst article of the promulgation was to implement lottery drawing from golden urn in reincarnation of living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism.
【实物】令牌（複製）。纸，163×62厘米。
Token (copy), paper, 163*62cm
1795年，清朝驻藏大臣松筠、和宁准予前后藏差民留居登记所在地事饬扎什伦布寺。
In 1795, Song Yun and He Ning, the Qing Dynasty』s Ministers in charge of Tibet, approved the office location for dealing with the daily registrations of visitors to
Tibet to be located in the Tashilhunpo Monastery.
【实物】《中华民国大总统孙文宣言书》（複製）。纸，89.5×66.5厘米。宣言书提出：「国家之本，在於人民，合汉、满、蒙、回、藏诸地为一国，即合汉、满、蒙、回、藏诸族为一人，是曰民族之统一。」
"The Declaration of the President of the Republic of China Sun Yat-sen" (copy). Paper, 89.5* 66.5 cm. Declaration: "The foundation of the country lies in the people, theHan, Manchuria, Mongolia, Hui, and Tibet belong to one country, that is, the Han, Manchurian, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan ethnic tribes also belong to the same country,which is called the unity of the people of all ethnic groups."
【图片】中华民国疆域图。13世纪以来，不管中央政权如何更迭，西藏始终在中央政权管辖之下。
Territory Map of the Republic of China. Since the 13th century, regardless of how the Central Government changed, Tibet has always been under the jurisdiction of theCentral Government.
【场景】1951年5月23日，中华人民共和国中央人民政府代表和西藏地方政府代表在北京签订《中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关於和平解放西藏办法的协议》（简称《十七条协议》）。 西藏地方政府代表（右起）：阿沛?阿旺晋美、凯墨?索安旺堆、拉乌达热?土丹旦达、土登列门、桑颇?登增顿珠。
On May 23, 1951, the representatives from both the Central People』s Government and the Local Government of Tibet signed in Beijing the Agreement of the Central People'sGovernment and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (「the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet」).Representatives of Tibet local government (right to left): Ngabo Ngawang Jigme, Khemed Sonam Wangdu, Lhawutara Thubten Tendar, Thubten Lekmon, Sampo Tanzin Dondrup.
【实物】《十七条协议》汉、藏文本（複製）。纸，522×36厘米。
"Seventeen-Point Agreement", Chinese and Tibetan texts (copy). Paper, 522 * 36 cm.
【实物】《和平解放西藏》纪念邮票。1952年3月15日发行，纸，3.8×2.5厘米。
Commemorative stamp of "Peaceful Liberation of Tibet". Issued on March 15, 1952, paper, 3.8 * 2.5 cm.
二、政教合一的封建农奴制
在长达几百年时间裡，西藏实行的是政教合一的封建农奴制。这种黑暗、残酷的制度，剥夺人权、摧残人性，人民既无民主权利，也无经济、社会、文化权利。和平解放西藏后，西藏人民纷纷要求实行民主改革。
For hundreds of years, Tibet has had implemented a system of feudal serfdom combining religion and politics. This dark and cruel system deprived the people of humanrights and destroyed the humanity of the Tibetan people, who lacked access to democratic, economic, social and cultural rights. Following the peaceful liberation ofTibet, all Tibetans demanded democratic reform.
【饼图】旧西藏封建农奴制社会阶层示意图；民主改革前土地佔有示意图。
Schematic Diagram of the Social Class of Feudal Serfdom in Old Tibet
【图表】西藏地方法典所反映的等级情况。
The Level of Status Reflected in the Tibetan Local Code
【图片】拉加裡背水的朗生。 1959年，蓝志贵摄。
Water-Carrying Slaves in the royal palace, by Lan Zhigui in 1959
【图片】沦为乞丐的桑登在沿街乞讨。蓝志贵摄
The sturdy Sandden begged along the street, by Lan Zhigui
【图片】农奴抱著新生儿来农奴主家登记，并交纳人头税。
The serfs took the newborn to register with the serf-owner and paid the head tax.
【图片】20世纪50年代初西藏地方政府信件。信中写道：「为达赖唸经祝寿，下密院全体人员需要念忿怒十五施食回遮法。为切实完成此次佛事，需要当日抛食，急需湿肠一副、头颅两个、多种血、人皮一整张，望立即送来。」
Letter from the local government of Tibet in the early 1950s. The letter wrote: "In order to celebrate the Dalai Lama』s birthday, all the staff of the Lower SecretChamber shall recite the scriptures. In order to complete this event, it is necessary to look for them the same day and it is urgent to have a pair of wet intestines andtwo heads. A variety of blood and a whole piece of human skin are expected to be delivered immediately."
【图片】（英）埃德蒙《拉萨真面目》：「这个地方实行的是封建制度。喇嘛是太上皇，农民是他们的奴隶。」「强大的僧侣势力掌管一切。即使是佛陀本人，没有僧侣也无能为力。」
(Brithsh) Edmund's Lhasa』s True Face: "This place adopted a feudal system. The lama was the overlord and the peasants were their slaves." "The powerful monk forces werein charge of everything. Even the Buddha could do nothing without these monks."
【图片】（英）贝尔在其著作《十三世达赖喇嘛传》中写道：「毫无疑问，喇嘛採用了精神恐怖手法以维持他们的影响和将政权继续控制在他们手中。」
(British) Bell wrote in his book Portrait of a Dalai Lama: "There was no doubt that the lamas had adopted spiritual terrorism to maintain their influence and continuedto control the regime in their hands."
【报纸】《六十五名农民上书达赖喇嘛要求改革》，《西藏日报》，1956年8月4日。
"Sixty-five peasants wrote to the Dalai Lama to demand reform", Tibet Daily, August 4, 1956.
【图片】农民按手印要求民主改革。
The peasants demanded democratic reform by putting on their fingerprints.
【图片】广大农奴强烈要求立即废除封建农奴制度。
The majority of serfs strongly demanded the immediate abolition of the feudal serfdom system.
三、争取西藏上层 Winning over Tibet's Upper Class
【图片】1951年4月22日，十世班禅一行赴京途经西安，习仲勳同志作为西北局和西北军政委员会主要负责人到机场迎接。
On April 22, 1951, the 10th Panchen Lama went to Beijing via Xian. As the head of the Northwest Bureau and the Northwest Military and Political Committee, Xi Zhongxungreeted him at the airport.
【图片】1954年9月，十四世达赖和十世班禅到北京参加第一届全国人民代表大会，时任中央人民政府副主席朱德、政务院总理周恩来亲往车站迎接。
In September 1954, the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama came to Beijing to participate in the 1st National Peoples Congress. Zhu De, Vice Chairman of theCentral Peoples Government, and Zhou Enlai, the Premier of the Central People』s Government, greeted them at the station.
【图片】1954年9月和12月，十四世达赖和十世班禅分别当选为全国人大常委会副委员长、全国政协副主席。
In September and December of 1954, the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama were respectively elected as Vice-Chairman of standing committee of the National PeoplesCongress and the Vice-Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference.
【实物】十世班禅敬献给毛泽东主席的《各族人民热爱毛主席》唐卡。 1954年9月，120×82厘米。
The 10th Panchen Lama dedicated to Chairman Mao "All Ethnic Groups Loved Chairman Mao" Thangka. September, 1954, 120*82 cm.
【图片】1954年9月11日下午5时，毛泽东主席在中南海勤政殿接见了十四世达赖和十世班禅。
At 5:00pm of September 11, 1954, Mao Zedong received the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama at Qingzheng Hall of Zhongnanhai.
【图片】1954年9月15日至28日，中华人民共和国第一届全国人民代表大会在北京举行，十四世达赖和十世班禅参加会议。
The First National People』s Congress of PRC was held from September 15 to 28, 1954, and the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama attended the conference.
【图片】1955年3月9日，国务院第七次会议通过了《关於成立西藏自治区筹备委员会的决定》。
On March 9, 1955, the Seventh Meeting of the State Council passed the Decision on the Establishment of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region.
【图片】1956年4月22日，西藏自治区筹备委员会成立，十四世达赖任主任委员，十世班禅任第一副主任委员，张国华为第二副主任委员，阿沛·阿旺晋美为秘书长。
On April 22, 1956, the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region was established. The 14th Dalai Lama was appointed as the Director of the PreparatoryCommittee, the 10th Panchen was appointed as the First Deputy Director, and Zhang Guohua was appointed as the Second Deputy Director. Ngapo Ngawang Jigme was appointedas the Secretary-General.
【图片】1956年，毛泽东主席强调，按照《十七条协议》，西藏社会制度的改革必须实行，但是何时实行，要待西藏大多数人民群众和领袖人物认为可行的时候，才能作出决定，不能性急。
In 1956, Chairman Mao emphasized that according to the the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, the reform of the Tibetan social system mustbe implemented, but when it is implemented, it is necessary to wait for the majority of the people and leaders of Tibet to think that it is feasible, and not to berushed.
【图片】《张国华同志在工委扩大会议上的总结》。 1957年11月，西藏工委召开扩大会议，对执行「六年不改」方针和收缩措施的情况进行总结。
"Summary of Comrade Zhang Guohua at the Expanded Meeting of the Working Committee" In November 1957, the Tibet Working Committee held an enlarged meeting to summarizethe implementation of the "No Change in Six Years" policy and contraction measures.
四、平息叛乱、民主改革
Quelling the Rebellion and Implementing the Democratic reform
1959年3月，在外国势力支持下，西藏反动上层发动了全面武装叛乱。中央人民政府依靠西藏人民，坚决平息武装叛乱，分情况、分步骤进行民主改革，彻底废除了西藏政教合一的封建农奴制。
With the support of foreign forces, the reactionary upper class of Tibet launched a full-scale armed rebellion in March 1959. The Central People's Government relied onthe Tibetan people to resolutely quell the armed rebellion, gradually carried out Democratic reform across various situations and completely abolished the feudal serfdomsystem which combined religion and politics in Tibet.
【图片】西方帝国主义势力觊觎西藏由来已久。1888年、1903年英国两次发动侵略西藏的战争。
The Western imperialist forces have been longing for Tibet. In 1888 and 1903, the British launched two wars of aggression against Tibet.
【图片】「西姆拉会议」与会人员合影。1913-1914年，英国殖民者企图借助「西姆拉会议」，干涉中国内政、策劃「西藏独立」。
Photo of the participants at the Simla Conference.In 1913-1914, the British colonists attempted to interfere in China's internal affairs and plan the "Tibetindependence" by means of the 「The Simla Conference."
【图片】《决不容许外国侵略者吞併中国的领土——西藏》，《人民日报》1949年9月2日。
"Never Allow Foreign Aggressors to Annex Chinese Territory -- Tibet", People's Daily, September 2, 1949.
【图片】1950年5月，美国特务汤姆斯给西藏地方政府的信件摘录及译文。
The excerpts and translations of letters the US secret agent Thomas gave to the Tibetan local government in May 1950.
【图片】西藏地方政府司曹鲁康娃·才旺饶登（左）和本珠仓·洛桑扎西於1952年策劃伪「人民会议」事件，调来藏军包围中央代表驻地，并枪击噶伦阿沛·阿旺晋美的住宅。
The two acting regents of Tibet, Lukhangwa Tsewang Rabten (left) and Bondrongcang Lobsang Tashi, planned the pseudo- "People's Assemblies"in 1952, and transferred theTibetan troops to the central representative station and shot the house of Kalon Ngapo Ngawang Jigme.
【图片】《中国共产党西藏历史大事记（1949-2004）》。1958年，党中央和毛主席认为西藏有叛乱的可能。
The Chronicle of of the Chinese Communist Party in Tibet (1949-2004).In 1958, Chairman Mao and the Central Committee believed that there was a possibility of rebellionin Tibet.
【图片】美国中情局在科罗拉多州海尔营地培训西藏叛乱分子。
The CIA trained the Tibetan insurgents at the Camp Hale in Colorado.
【图片】美国空投给叛乱武装的迫击炮。
The US airdropped the mortars for the insurgents.
【图片】1959年3月10日晨，噶伦索康、柳霞等纠集2000多人，以阻止达赖去西藏军区观看演出为名，製造血案，发动武装叛乱。
On the morning of March 10, 1959, Kalon Surkhang and Neushar gathered more than 2,000 people to prevent the Dalai Lama from going to the Tibetan Military Zone to watchthe performance, created a bloody case and launched an armed rebellion.
【图片】西藏军区政治委员谭冠三。1959年3月10日，西藏反动上层发动武装叛乱，谭冠三政委责令西藏地方政府立即制止这一叛乱活动。
Tan Guansan, Political Commisar of the Tibet Military Zone.On March 10, 1959, the reactionary upper class of Tibet launched an armed rebellion. PLA General Tan Guansanordered the local government of Tibet to immediately stop this insurgency.
【图片】逃往印度的叛乱分子。1959年3月17日，拉萨的叛乱武装向我党政机关发动袭击。当日晚10时，十四世达赖一行出逃。
Insurgents fleeing to India.On March 17, 1959, the insurgents in Lhasa launched an attack on our Party and government organs. At 10 o'clock that night, the 14th DalaiLama fled.
【图片】1959年3月21日，拉萨三大寺叛乱武装向人民解放军缴械投降。
On March 21, 1959, the rebel forces of the three major temples in Lhasa surrendered to the People's Liberation Army.
【图片】1959年4月4日，人民解放军由拉萨挥师南下，进剿山南叛乱武装。
On April 4, 1959, the People's Liberation Army swept south of Lhasa, and launched the Battle of Shannan to wipe out the rebellious troops in Shannan.
【图片】农奴桑登欢迎平叛大军。1959年拉加裡，蓝志贵摄。
The serf Samtem welcomed the army of PLA to quell the rebellion, photoed by Lan Zhigui Lhagyari, 1959
【图片】拉萨各界人民集会遊行，热烈庆祝平息叛乱的伟大胜利。
People from all walks of life in Lhasa gathered and marched to celebrate the great victory of quelling the rebellion.
【图片】1959年6月28日至7月17日，西藏自治区筹备委员会举行第二次全体会议，一致通过《关於西藏全区进行民主改革的决议》。
From June 28 to July 17, 1959, the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region held its second plenary meeting and unanimously adopted the Resolution onImplementing the Democratic reform in Tibet.
【图片】在民主改革中，农奴上台控诉农奴主的罪行。金持元摄
In the Democratic reform, the serfs came to power to sue the crimes of the serf owners, photoed by Jin Chiyuan.
【图片】收到政府颁发的土地证。1959年拉加裡，蓝志贵摄。
Received a land certificate issued by the government, photoed by Lan Zhigui in Lhagyari, 1959.
【图片】翻身农奴在拉萨市达孜县塔吉谿卡欢度望果节。
The liberated serfs were celebrating the Ongkor Festival (Field Crop Harvest Festival) in Taji Manor, Dartse County, Lhasa.
五、人民当家作主
The People Are the Masters of Themselves
从西藏民主改革、建立地方人民民主政权和1965年西藏自治区成立以来，西藏人民获得了平等参与管理国家事务的权利，成为管理西藏地方社会事务、主宰自己命运的主人，成为社会物质财富、精神财富的创造者和享有者。
Since the Democratic reform, the establishment of the local people’s democratic governments and the foundation of the Tibetan Autonomous Region in 1965, the Tibetanpeople have achieved the right to participate in the management of state affairs on an equal footing. They have become masters of their own local social affairs and havetaken control of their own destiny. The Tibetan people have created and taken ownership of the social material wealth and spiritual wealth of Tibet.
【图片】1959年4月8日，西藏乃东县人民政府成立。到1960年底，西藏成立乡级政权1009个，区级政权283个；78个县（包括县级区）和8个专区（市）也成立了人民政权。
The People』s Government of Nedong County of Tibet was established on April 8, 1959. By the end of 1960, Tibet had established 1,009 township-level governments and 283district-level governments; and 78 counties (including county-level districts) and 8 prefecture-level districts (municipalities) also established the people's politicalpower.
【图片】1965年9月1日，西藏自治区成立。
On September 1, 1965, the Tibet Autonomous Region was established.
【图片】1965年9月8日，阿沛·阿旺晋美当选为西藏自治区人民委员会主席，一大批翻身农奴担任了各级政权机关的领导职务。
Ngapo Ngawang Jigme was elected as the Chairman of the People's Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region on September 8, 1965 and a large number of serfs were turnedinto leadership positions at various levels of the autonomous region governments.
【图片】1978年2月28日，西藏自治区代表在第五届全国人大第一次会议上。西藏各族人民享有充分的选举权与被选举权。西藏人口较少的门巴族、珞巴族在全国人大及西藏各级人大中也都有自己的代表。
On February 28, 1978, representatives of the Tibet Autonomous Region were at the first meeting of the Fifth National People's Congress.
【图片】西藏各族人民充分享有自主管理本民族本地区事务的权利。西藏自治区的自治机关依法行使省级地方国家机关的职权，同时依法行使自治权。
The people of all ethnic groups in Tibet fully enjoy the right to independently manage their own affairs in the region. The self-government organs of the TibetAutonomous Region exercise the functions and powers of the local state organs at the provincial level based on law and at the same time exercise autonomy based on law.
【实物】西藏自治区地方性法规彙编。截至2018年，西藏自治区人大制定、批准的地方性法规和作出具有法规性质的决议、决定共300余件，其中现行有效的地方性法规123件，具有法规性质的决议、决定148件，废止29件。
Compilation of local regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region. As of 2018, the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee have
formulated and approved the local regulations and made more than 300 resolutions and decisions of a statutory nature. Among them, there are 123 effective local laws and
regulations and 148 legal resolutions and decisions. 29 laws were abolished.
【图片】1981年，西藏通过了《西藏自治区施行<中华人民共和国婚姻法>的变通条例》。
In 1981, the Tibet Autonomous Region Organs passed the Regulations on the Implementation of the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China Adapted by the TibetAutonomous Region.
【图片】2009年1月19日，西藏自治区人大会议表决通过《关於设立西藏百万农奴解放纪念日的决定》，把每年3月28日设为西藏百万农奴解放纪念日。
On January 19, 2009, the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region voted to pass the "Decision on the Establishment of the Tibet's Million Serf Liberation Day"and set March 28th of each year as the anniversary of the liberation of Tibet's million serfs.
